Progress, as we have come to understand it, means growth, the relentless process of more and more, of bigger and bigger… (and) the need for…the anonymous power of the administrators… Monopolization of power causes the drying up or oozing away of all authentic power sources in the country…. This generation, trained like its predecessors in hardly anything but the various brands of the my-share-of-the-pie social and political theories, has taught us a lesson about manipulation, or, rather, its limits, which we would do well not to forget… The manipulation addicts, those who fear it unduly no less than those who have set their hopes on it, hardly notice when the chickens come home to roost… They discovered what we call today the Establishment and what earlier was called the System, and it was this discovery that made them turn to the praise of violent action…. It goes against the very nature of self-interest to be enlightened… The self qua self cannot reckon in terms of long-range interest… Self-interest, when asked to yield to “true” interest — that is, the interest of the world as distinguished from that of the self — will always reply, Near is my shirt, but nearer is my skin.
Editor’s Report
I didn’t want to discourage anyone from voting for Biden with “The Amoral Joe Biden” and hope it didn’t burn bridges. I merely believe that if he presented his case within a more robust moral framework, it would be more effective politically — and help nurture change throughout society.
Biden never said we should support Ukraine simply because it’s the right thing to do — for ethical reasons. He could’ve said, “When we see a bully harming someone, we should intervene, whether in a school, workplace, community, or on the global stage.” Making that point would encourage people to improve their interactions in general and help build a powerful, independent grassroots movement.
I don’t judge Biden’s moral character. I don’t know his motives, and I can’t read his mind. I can only judge his actions. I called him amoral, as I might call someone a “criminal” when they break the law. We can make judgments without being judgmental.
I only know the motives of a few close friends, but I don’t trust any politician to that degree. Some politicians enter the arena because they want to do good, but most soon become focused on getting re-elected for selfish reasons.
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I read an essay from James Baldwin’s Cross of Redemption daily. I only read one because the essays are intense, and I want to absorb them before moving on.
I’ve considered inviting 100 or so Contacts to a “James Baldwin Zoom,” but none of you have commented on his 1959 essay, “Mass Culture and the Creative Artist,” which I posted two weeks ago. So, I suspect Baldwin doesn’t impact others as strongly as he does me and have placed that idea on the back burner.
However, here’s a link to another Baldwin essay, a 1962 New York Times piece, As Much Truth As One Can Bear.
After I finish Cross of Redemption, I may comment on it with an essay and share quotes and excerpts.
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I recently added the following to the opening of the Systemic chapter introduction:
Egalitarian Seeds: Holistic Reform
Numerous advocates presented in the Systemic knowledge base promote holistic reform rooted in compassion. They address the whole person and the whole society. These efforts differ; none echo each other precisely, but they share core principles and move in the same direction.
I’m adding summaries of some of these essays and books to the end of the Systemic chapter.
I’m using “holistic” rather than “holistic and systemic.” Holistic means “relating to or concerned with wholes or with complete systems rather than with the individual parts,” so it incorporates “systemic.”
Whitman Quote
I inhale great draughts of space,
The east and the west are mine, and the north and the south are mine.
I am larger, better than I thought,
I did not know I held so much goodness.”
Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass: Song of the Open Road, 1856
Taking Away a Social Safety Net
Is This What Happens When You Build a Real Social Safety Net, Then Take It Away?
By Bryce Covert
It’s a riddle that economists have struggled to decipher. The U.S. economy seems robust on paper, yet Americans are dissatisfied with it. But hardly anyone seems to have paid much attention to the whirlwind experience we just lived through: We built a real social safety net in the United States and then abruptly ripped it apart.
Take unemployment insurance….
Many told Dr. Michener about having to hustle harder for work, and she told me that the word “struggle” comes up over and over again in the researchers’ interviews. Americans have less sense of security, she said, “that you’re going to be OK and you’re going to be taken care of should the worst-case scenario befall you.”
The disillusionment this creates is incredibly harmful. Yes, if people feel pessimistic about the economy, it may very well swing the election away from President Biden. But it’s bigger than just this election. Even if somehow the experience of losing benefits doesn’t diminish political participation, it’s a lost opportunity for the government to continue demonstrating to Americans that it can make their lives better. That draws people into democracy and strengthens it. The worst — and more likely — case is that it turns them off.
“There were a lot of things across many programs that changed and made people’s lives better, and so many of those things have been pulled back,” Dr. Michener said. “We’d have to think people are idiots not to notice that.”
The Amoral Joe Biden
By Wade Lee Hudson
On the Newshour, commenting on Joe Biden’s State of the Union speech, David Brooks, the Republican, said, “Most people are not looking for moral leadership from politicians anymore. They’re looking like, who’s going to make my life a little better? And so I loved the emphasis on policy last night.” Jonathan Capeheart, the Democrat, replied, “I absolutely agree. I think David is absolutely right. That speech was crammed with all sorts of things that he’s done and things that he wants to do.”
They hit the nail on the head. America’s mantra is “What’s in it for me (WIIFM)?” and America is not alone. This moral deficiency is global. Biden’s speech lacked moral outrage.
Outrage at those House Republicans who have blood on their hands because they have not signed a “discharge petition” to get a vote on more aid to Ukraine. Outrage at widespread homelessness and the lack of capacity for alcohol and drug rehab programs. Outrage at Israel for the carnage in Gaza that is genocide or tantamount to it.
Article II of the Genocide Convention defines genocide as “acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.” South Africa’s case at the International Court of Justice argued that Israel is committing four of the five acts described in Article II, including deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about a group’s physical destruction in whole or in part. Top Israeli officials have made multiple statements that communicate the intent to annihilate Gaza and its inhabitants.
Many nations in the global South have refused to oppose Russia’s invasion of Ukraine due to the West’s hypocritical failure to support the Palestinians more forcefully.
One glaring moment of moral blindness in Biden’s speech was his claim, “This crisis began on Oct. 7.” Actually, the crisis began in 1948 when the West established Israel as an independent nation without the consent of the inhabitants — or enabling them to establish their own nation.
Biden said
To the leadership of Israel I say this: Humanitarian assistance cannot be a secondary consideration or a bargaining chip. Protecting and saving innocent lives has to be a priority. As we look to the future, the only real solution to the situation is a two-state solution over time…. Israel most allow more aid into Gaza to ensure humanitarian workers aren’t caught in the crossfire.
Crossfire?? Give me a break!
On Saturday, Biden said Israel’s threatened invasion of Rafah in southern Gaza would be his “red line” but then immediately backtracked, saying there was “no red line [where] I’m going to cut off all weapons,” which is his main leverage.
Biden should go to Jerusalem and address its parliament (as Netanyahu spoke to our Congress) and tell Israelis their actions are a cruel, counterproductive dead-end that violates their ideals. He needs to tell Israel to wake up. Aside from political tactics, we need a profile in courage.
With his speech, Biden fired up his base and demonstrated his vigor, but he abandoned the moral high ground and failed to address Americans’ anxieties and concerns about the country’s direction. As Brooks said, “The American people are in a bad mood…. A lot of suburbanites sense that something’s wrong with the country, maybe spiritually, morally, relationally.”
Most Americans believe the country is headed in the wrong direction and live paycheck to paycheck. They don’t feel it when the Democrats praise abstract numbers like the “GDP” and the stock market. Many prices are still much higher than before the pandemic, so most people aren’t impressed when Democrats say inflation has slowed. Telling people the state of the union is strong and getting stronger when they know better is not persuasive.
The narrow focus on building the middle class so “the poor have a way up” is offensive. How hard is that way up? How many will make it? What about an immediate guaranteed living wage job opportunity? Is being “middle class” the be-all and end-all? Is climbing a ladder the best solution?
The Democrats still believe “it’s the economy, stupid,” although many Americans vote against their economic self-interest and vote based on cultural issues because they care about what’s moral (though their values may be skewed). Ignoring this issue is ethically wrong and ineffective politically in the long run, though it may help win the next election.
During the 2020 Presidential campaign, Biden fought for the “soul of the nation.” He affirmed building “a nation of unity, hope, and optimism” rather than “a nation of anger, violence, hatred and division.” After being sworn in, he told his staff that everyone is
entitled to be treated with decency and dignity. That’s been missing in a big way the last four years. I expect you to do that for all the folks you deal with. I’m not joking when I say this: If you’re ever working with me and I hear you treat another colleague with disrespect, talk down to someone, I promise you I will fire you on the spot. On the spot. No ifs or buts.
His 2024 campaign does not echo this approach.
In doing so, Biden plays fast and loose with the facts, as reported by the Washington Post and USA Today. This inaccurate rhetoric may work tactically, but it undermines his credibility as a moral leader. It leaves the impression he’s just another politician focused on winning the next election.
The Democrats’ main tactic is scapegoating Trump. Biden never once called out the “MAGA Republicans” or appealed to traditional Republicans and independents. However, the MAGA movement preceded Trump and will persist after Trump is gone. Trump is not the main problem.
Hyperpolarization is a natural product of the Top-Down System, which inflames the desire to dominate and the willingness to submit. This system indoctrinates individuals, shapes our culture, and structures our institutions. Each element reinforces and reflects the others. Greed and the lust for power breed more greed and lust.
Absent a strong countervailing force, the Top-Down System will fall into a downward spiral. Building an effective counterforce will require facing reality, but most people prefer distractions. They’re self-centered, not other-centered.
Maybe the grassroots will build a powerful compassionate movement, but to do so, activists must deal with their internalized oppression. We’re part of the problem. Overcoming or controlling our desire to dominate and our willingness to submit for personal gain must be a major element in our strategy if we’re to build compassionate communities.
Circles, Baldwin, and Comments
Contents:
-Valor Academy’s Circles, By Wade Lee Hudson
-Mass Culture and the Creative Artist, By James Baldwin (1959)
-Readers’ Comments
Valor Academy’s Circles, By Wade Lee Hudson
I found “How one school is centering social-emotional learning” to be profoundly inspiring. This PBS “Brief but Spectacular” video documents a Valor Collegiate Academy mutual aid “Circle.” Since 2014, Valor has expanded to more than 30,000 students nationwide. Their success suggests the holistic, egalitarian movement is spreading. Time is short, however. The world may be on a deadly downward spiral.
Daren Dickson, Valor’s Chief Culture Officer, says
Our dream has been to turn circle facilitation over to the kids as they get into high school. We all know that middle schoolers are much more impacted by each other than by adults, so having them lead the practice will be more meaningful.
This 11-minute video captures a Circle led by a Valor student.
Valor encourages students to share what’s going on in their lives and accept support. Their mission is “sharp minds; big hearts.” They aim to create a community of care “to empower our diverse community to live inspired, purposeful lives,…bring our diverse community together, and support each other in identity and relational development.” Valor bases its approach on four pillars: 1) top-tier academics; 2) intentional diversity; 3) built to last; and 4) whole child development….
(read more)
Mass Culture and the Creative Artist: Some Personal Notes
By James Baldwin (1959)
Someone once said to me that the people in general cannot bear very much reality. He meant by this that they prefer fantasy to a truthful re-creation of their experience. The Italians, for example, during the time that De Sica and Rossellini were revitalizing the Italian cinema industry, showed a marked preference for Rita Hayworth vehicles; the world in which she moved across the screen was like a fairy tale, whereas the world De Sica was describing was one with which they were only too familiar. (And it can be suggested perhaps that the Americans who stood in fine for Shoe Shine and Open City were also responding to images which they found exotic, to a reality by which they were not threatened. What passes for the appreciation of serious effort in this country is very often nothing more than an inability to take anything very seriously.)
Now, of course, the people cannot bear very much reality, if by this one means their ability to respond to high intellectual or artistic endeavor. I have never in the least understood why they should be expected to. There is a division of labor in the world — as I see it — and the people have quite enough reality to bear, simply getting
through their lives, raising their children, dealing with the eternal conundrums of birth, taxes, and death. They do not do this with all the wisdom, foresight, or charity one might wish; nevertheless, this is what they are always doing and it is what the writer is always describing….
(read more)
Readers’ Comments
Re: “Friedman on Israel”
Larry Walker
Excellent and timely article. My related observation is that the US is losing its role as world leader in other ways as well.
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Re: Introduction
Freddi Fredrickson
Growing a generation of intrinsically minded people.
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Re: Interview with “Fluke” author, Brian Klass”
Jed Riffe
After being self employed for over 50 years, experiencing 19 stock market failures, all of which seriously disrupted my small independent print and documentary film businesses, I feel like chaos is the operating mode. I appreciate Wade’s two comments.
Yahya Abdal-Aziz
Thank you for this! I believe he’s hit on something important about modern society. He’s right, there is – by design! – very little slack in our systems, so any little chance event (“fluke”) can tip us into an unstable situation that may deteriorate rapidly and uncontrollably into chaos and disaster.
Yes, we like to think we’re in control of our personal lives, but “a little less hubris” would be a very good thing for most of us. And perhaps we can trace some of the roots of our modern epidemic of anxiety and depression to our inchoate sense of the precariousness of the teetering sand-pile?
Joyce Beattie
Positivity
“When we inject people with positivity, their outlook expands. They see the big picture. When we inject them with neutrality or negativity, their peripheral vision shrinks. There is no big picture, no dots to connect” (p. 95).
Barbara Fredrickson, Positivity, 2009
Friedman on Israel
I’ve spent the past few days traveling from New Delhi to Dubai and Amman, and I have an urgent message to deliver to President Biden and the Israeli people: I am seeing the increasingly rapid erosion of Israel’s standing among friendly nations — a level of acceptance and legitimacy that was painstakingly built up over decades. And if Biden is not careful, America’s global standing will plummet right along with Israel’s. I don’t think Israelis or the Biden administration fully appreciate the rage that is bubbling up around the world, fueled by social media and TV footage.
Thomas L. Friedman
The Circle
Circles have been used as structures for meeting communally for thousands of years. Some of the earliest known tribes and native people across all continents used Circles, sometimes called councils, to meet to discuss the most important matters their communities faced. In this sense, Circles are natural to us and are not anything new. In many ways, the Valor Circle is a new spin on an ancient practice.
Valor Collegiate Academies
Putin, Truth, and Scapegoating
Reader’s Comments
Re: “The NFL and the Egalitarian Cultural Revolution”
Dan Brook
As a racial side note, when Blacks do what Travis Kelley did to his coach, they are often called hostile and thugs. Likewise when Black rappers sing similar lyrics to Johnny Cash’s lyrics.
Mary Hudson
Amazing how the 49ers changed their “mission” and how it has spread throughout the organization. The NFL’s Inspire Change initiative is very encouraging.
Re: NewsGuard
Roger Marsden
Doesn’t mean so much until we scrutinize their analysis by article. They might have their own biases, which might show up on particular issues. Who scrutinizes the scrutinizer? What was the name of that science “skeptic” guy – he always seemed like a bullshitter. And then there is Snopes – I never put much faith in them. The thing about Ukraine is that the narrative is so firm – difficult for any news source or individual to challenge it. Even firmer than Israel used to be. Ukraine has been pulverized, many dead, billions spent – easy for Americans to say it’s worth it – what about the dead, their families and those communities? Worth it for them? What if we had just consented and compromised on those (Russian-speaking) regions that were the points of contention? And it continues on and on – our media, politicians, and military “leaders” have talked at various phases about how Russia is weakening and Ukraine is doing so much better than expected. Sounds kinda like bullshit. I don’t claim to truly know what the agendas are, but the opinion that says this is about the US wanting to weaken and destabilize Russia seems kinda of plausible – and make billions in profit while they’re doing it.
Putin, Truth, and Scapegoating
By Wade Lee Hudson
Some critics blame the West for the Ukraine War. They say because Putin felt threatened by NATO’s expansion, he understandably invaded Ukraine to defend Russian interests. Moreover, they think Ukraine perhaps should’ve given its Russian-speaking Eastern regions independence. Some say the United States is so imperialistic and hypocritical it has no right to judge Russian imperialism. Others say the situation is too ambiguous to justify arming Ukraine.
However, Putin has long made clear his desire to restore the Russian Empire. In 2021, he published a 5,000-word essay entitled “On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians.” During his recent interview with Tucker Carlson, he falsely claimed that 862 was the year of the “establishment of the Russian state.” He considered the collapse of the Soviet Union a terrible disaster. He worried that a liberal democracy on his doorstep would serve as an example to encourage a popular revolt in Russia.
The neighboring Baltic states, former Soviet satellites, knew this and feared it. Putin’s 2008 invasion of Georgia, his heavy-handed handpicking pro-Russian brutal Ukrainian leaders (which backfired in 2004 and 2014), and his seizure of Crimea in 2014 reinforced their fears. The 2022 invasion of Ukraine confirmed them.
NATO expansion was not a one-way street. The West did not push its way in. The Baltic states assertively sought NATO membership to protect themselves.
A post-World War Two global consensus opposed countries changing borders forcibly. This consensus helped stabilize the world. Reversing Iraq’s seizure of Kuwait strengthened this consensus. A Russian victory in Ukraine would undermine it. This dangerous precedent could open the door to similar wars of aggression that would destabilize the world.
The United States has a rich imperialistic history. After World War Two, it has tried to dominate other countries with “soft imperialism.” Its motives aren’t pure, but the U.S. hasn’t expanded its borders with military force. The West supported the pro-democracy Ukrainian revolt, but it didn’t lead it (as Putin tried to do). Russian militarism is a whole other ballgame. Drawing a moral equivalence between Russian and American imperialism doesn’t hold up.
The West shares responsibility for the Ukraine War. It could have done more to stop it. Nevertheless, the West must try to hold Putin accountable for his crimes by arming Ukraine.
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You can hold immoral criminals, autocrats, and bureaucrats accountable without dehumanizing them, or condemning them as less than human. You can avoid scapegoating, or putting total blame on them. It’s important to avoid demonizing Putin.
Putin, Netanyahu, and Trump are symptoms of systemic problems. As such, they’re replaceable. Remove them, and others take their place. They’re not the most serious problem. The primary problem is the System.
The self-perpetuating System encourages everyone to climb social ladders and look down on those below, try to dominate them, exploit them as much as possible, and submit to those above. As Fluke author Brian Klaas said, “This sort of system…operates with optimization and efficiency as its main priorities.”
The drive to optimize, enhance efficiency, and maximize profits is relentless. Gaining more wealth, power, and status becomes a self-centered end rather than a means to higher goals. The System teaches people to be selfish, and selfishness breeds more selfishness. Controlling this excessive self-seeking aggrandizement is imperative.
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Some critics claim it’s impossible to know anything with certainty. Some refrain from making any moral judgment. These arguments are irrational and reprehensible.
Unfortunately, the Internet has spawned a powerful way to undermine truth: trolling. As Jonathan Rausch wrote in 2018,
Unlike ordinary lies and propaganda, which try to make you believe something, disinformation tries to make you disbelieve everything. It scatters so much bad information, and casts so many aspersions on so many sources of information, that people throw up their hands and say, “They’re all a pack of liars.”…
The decentralized, swarm-based version of disinformation that has come to be known as trolling. Trolls attack real news; they attack the sources of real news; they disseminate fake news; and they create artificial copies of themselves to disseminate even more fake news. By unleashing great quantities of lies and half-truths, and then piling on and swarming, they achieve hive-mind coordination. Because trolling need not bother with persuasion or anything more than very superficial plausibility, it can concern itself with being addictively outrageous. Epistemically, it is anarchistic, giving no valence to truth at all; like a virus, all it cares about is replicating and spreading….
All it can do is spread confusion and demolish trust…. Some trolls find it amusing to give offense (what they call “triggering”); some style themselves protesters against political correctness; and some love the thrill of vandalism and defiance. But there are other, less nihilistic reasons….
By insisting that all the fact checkers and hypothesis testers out there are phonies, trolls discredit the very possibility of a socially validated reality and open the door to tribal knowledge, personal knowledge, partisan knowledge, and other manifestations of epistemic anarchy….
Trolls…mock truth, sling mud, trash credentials, ridicule testing, and all the rest. Instinctively, the champions of the constitution of knowledge defend their values—but when they do, they “feed the troll”….
In 2013, …@backupwraith tweeted, “i firmly believe that @realDonaldTrump is the most superior troll on the whole of twitter.” Whereupon @realDonaldTrump took the trouble to tweet back: “A great compliment!” We can’t say he didn’t warn us….
What we could not foresee was a perfect storm of technological, economic, and political changes, all working to the disadvantage of the constitution of knowledge…. First, social media created a distribution platform for disinformation…. Second, software learned to hack our brains. Sophisticated algorithms and granular data allowed messages and images to be minutely tuned and targeted…. Third, the clickbait economy created a business model. Disinformation went from vandalistic to profitable…. Because accurate reportage is orders of magnitude more expensive to produce than disinformation, the economic advantage of real news vaporized…. Politicians and nation-states weaponized trolling….
The promotion of “alternative facts” by Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway, during a Meet the Press interview on January 22, 2017, was an official endorsement of trolling. White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer had claimed the crowd at Trump’s inauguration was “the largest audience to ever witness an inauguration.” When Chuck Todd challenged this falsehood, Conway defended Spicer by saying she was offering alternative facts.
The same year, key Trump adviser Steve Bannon said, “The real opposition is the media. And the way to deal with them is to flood the zone with shit.” Russia’s ongoing avalanche of disinformation weakens confidence in the ability to know the truth.
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Human beings engage in right action based on the best available information about what’s true and false and what’s right and wrong. They have no choice. Inaction is action.
Knowing the truth often isn’t easy, and some conclusions are less certain than others. Fortunately, the Enlightenment led to methods that help humans make these decisions.
One such tool is “the wisdom of crowds.” Wikipedia says, “The wisdom of the crowd is the collective opinion of a diverse independent group of individuals rather than that of a single expert.” The classic example involves hundreds of people guessing the number of gumballs in a large jar. The average of the guesses has a better chance of being more accurate than any one guess.
Another example is a trial by a jury of peers. Deliberative democracy experiments have demonstrated that randomly selected individuals can make solid recommendations about public policy after they’re given some basic facts at the outset. The Irish General Assembly has enabled randomly selected citizens to make impactful recommendations for changes in public policy. Electing representatives, referendums and initiatives are examples of relying on collective wisdom. These methods aren’t totally reliable, but they’re better than the alternatives.
Wikipedia is a collaborative reliable source of factual information. Google’s very useful ranking of sources relies heavily on how many sites link to a page. Yelp, Rotten Tomatoes, Quora, Internet Movie Database, and others aggregate many user evaluations, which most people find valuable. These methods rely on the wisdom of crowds. Ironically, artificial intelligence, infamous for generating false content, can help define truth.
The crowd can be wrong, but most people find these collaborations to be a reliable starting point before making their final decisions.
These methods flow from the Enlightenment and its ways of forming (tentative) consensus concerning what is true — including the scientific method and its controlled, double-blind experiments that independent experiments must replicate.
In “The Constitution of Knowledge,” Jonathan Rausch asks, “Who can be trusted to resolve questions about objective truth?” He responds
The best answer turns out to be no one in particular…. After the invention of the printing press…experimenters and philosophers…removed reality-making from the authoritarian control of priests and princes and placed it in the hands of a decentralized, globe-spanning community of critical testers who hunt for each other’s errors…. The network’s norms and institutions assembled themselves into a system of rules for identifying truth: a constitution of knowledge.
Though nowhere encoded in law [like nations’ constitutions], the constitution of knowledge has its own equivalents of checks and balances (peer review and replication), separation of powers (specialization), governing institutions (scientific societies and professional bodies), voting (citations and confirmations), and civic virtues (submit your beliefs for checking if you want to be taken seriously)….
One rule is that any hypothesis can be floated. That’s free speech. But another rule is that a hypothesis can join reality only insofar as it persuades people after withstanding vigorous questioning and criticism. That’s social testing. Only those propositions that are broadly agreed to have withstood testing over time qualify as knowledge, and even they stand only unless and until debunked….
In 2017, CNN fired three senior journalists for getting a story wrong,… CNN showed that, unlike Trump, it adheres to standards of verification [as do other mainstream media organizations]….
The results have been spectacular, in three ways above all. First, by organizing millions of minds to tackle billions of problems, the epistemic constitution disseminates knowledge at a staggering rate…. Second, by insisting on validating truths through a decentralized, non-coercive process that forces us to convince each other with evidence and argument, it ends the practice of killing ideas by killing their proponents (with) a marketplace of persuasion, because the only way to establish knowledge is to convince others you are right. Third, by placing reality under the control of no one in particular, it dethrones intellectual authoritarianism and commits liberal society foundationally to intellectual pluralism and freedom of thought.
Rausch argues
The troll army will encounter a disadvantage. Trolls have swarms, but the constitution of knowledge has institutions…. Creating knowledge is inherently a professionalized and structured affair…. (It) requires time, money, skill, expertise, and intricate social interaction…. But at the core of the constitution of knowledge, by its very nature, are professional networks.
The distinguishing characteristic of journalism is professional editing…. The distinguishing characteristic of academic research is professional review…. Modern jurisprudence, policy development, and intelligence collection would be unthinkable without institutions like the courts, law schools, and think tanks, as well as agencies like the Congressional Budget Office, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Central Intelligence Agency, and many others—all staffed and run by elaborately trained people who exchange detailed knowledge across specialized channels, using protocols developed over decades and centuries. To be an accomplished scholar or journalist requires years of training and acculturation, which only institutions can provide….
Troll networks are acephalous [without a head], which makes them self-organizing and persistent…. They cannot approach the institutional depth of the communities built up around the constitution of knowledge, nor do they try. Instead, they relentlessly attack the institutions at the heart of those communities, hoping to make the public see professional academics and journalists as scammers peddling biased personal opinions….
How much damage the troll attack inflicts depends on a lot of things, but it depends most on how successfully the institutions rally to improve their performance and defend their values…. Trump’s attacks on the press seem to have strengthened its resolve and its popularity…. The courts and law enforcement have also responded resolutely, even bravely…. Whether Facebook and Google can get a handle on the problem remains to be seen….
On Quora, members post questions and rank the answers. A recent question was, “Where can one find real news, not opinionated news, just the facts on what is going on in the world? Does such a news service exist?” The highest-rated answer is:
Yes, they do. They are called wire services. I would start with the Associated Press and the Reuters News Agency. Wire services operate under a different set of rules than the newspapers, cable news and websites you visit. They have much stricter rules about what they send out. The AP is owned and operated by news outlets around the country who pay a fee for the service. The AP and Reuters, therefore, have no pressure to sell news, they have pressure to get it right. If they make mistakes, they lose customers. Go to your favorite websites and see how many stories come from the AP and Reuters. I talk much more about these issues in my book Broken News: Journalism in Crisis.
In March 2018, media entrepreneur and award-winning journalist Steven Brill co-founded NewsGuard, which fights fake news by providing reliability ratings for over 7,500 U.S. websites as well as specific Google search results. Their 60 editors, powered by multiple AI tools, post ratings that help online readers distinguish between legitimate news sources and those allegedly designed to spread misinformation.
NewsGuard-approved sites include The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Democracy Now, and BuzzFeed. Sites they label unreliable include Fox News, InfoWars, Sputnik, RT, and WikiLeaks.
The Guardian and many other sites have reported favorably on NewsGuard, whose 27 investors play no role in the determination of ratings. NewsGuard makes money by licensing access to its database of independent ratings to companies, educational organizations, hospital systems, and other entities, including Microsoft. Individuals can pay $2.95 per month to get the ratings.
Oren Etzioni, Professor Emeritus at the University of Washington where he helped to pioneer meta-search, online comparison shopping, machine reading, and open information extraction, is the founder of TrueMedia.org, another promising use of AI to fight political deepfakes.
Experts and mainstream news organizations don’t always get it right. Their main problem is what they is what they don’t cover; biases influence these decisions. They could do more to examine important neglected issues. Nevertheless, projects like NewsGuard and the wire services can help users decide where to start. Broad collaboration and honest debate can help get a handle on the truth.
Arrogance, however, is a significant barrier. Ego gets in the way. The temptation to seek and hold “the Secret” is enormous. Going against the grain and challenging conventional assumptions is often valid, but ego-driven stubbornness is a real danger.
With today’s disinformation and misinformation overload, finding reliable sources of reasonably accurate information is essential for helping to determine a moral course of action.